1. Trabalho Escravo Contemporaneo Pdf En

No information is available for this page.Learn why. Julia Harnoncourt, University of Vienna, History Department, Alumnus. Studies Education, Social Sciences, and History. I am mainly interested in the system of. Article Information, PDF download for Slavery in Today’s Brazil: Law. Com o fim da ditadura militar em 1965, a categoria “trabalho escravo” foi.

CONTEMPORARY SLAVERY: CONCEPTS AND CONFIGURATIONFrom the 1990s, ) initiated his study of the configuration of the ‘new slavery’ in five countries, using the multiple case study as a methodology: Brazil, Mauritania, India, Thailand and Pakistan. Kevin Bales is considered one of the leading authors on the theme worldwide ( ).

His research has been grounded in Conventions 29 and 105 of the International Labor Organization, seeking to discuss the introduction of legal regulations in the diverse countries attempting to deal with the problem. Several victims, slave recruiters, business owners, NGOs, governments and local communities were interviewed. 2.1 The concept of slave labor in BrazilThe concept of contemporary slave labor in Brazil advanced in the fight against slavery practices following the changes made to Law through Article 149 of the Brazilian Penal Code. Article 149 criminalizes the practice of reducing someone “to a condition analogous to a slave,” presenting four elements that, combined or in isolation, characterize the crime: a) submission of the worker to forced labor; b) submission to exhausting working hours; c) submission to degrading work conditions; d) restrictions on their locomotion (;; ).

The term ‘analogous’ is used in the Law due to the fact that the Brazilian State does not recognize any human being as a ‘slave’ in the present-day context.The first paragraph of Article 149 also details that slave labor is characterized by: curbing the use of any means of transport by the worker, maintaining ostensive surveillance in the workplace, or seizing possession of the worker’s documents and/or personal objects to retain him or her in the workplace. The penalty for the crime is imprisonment for two to eight years and a fine, as well as the penalty corresponding to the violence used. The penalty may also be increased if the crime was committed against a child or adolescent, or for reasons of racial, color, ethnic, religious or any other type of discrimination.Conceptual differences exist in the definitions of modern slavery used in Brazil and the rest of the world ( ), both in the terms used and in the elements implied by the terms - in other words, their characteristics. The form in which the concept is delimited has a direct impact on the regulatory process and dynamic. The below shows the differences in how the topic is treated in the respective legal frameworks. StatesHDMI GeneralHDMI IncomeHDMI EducationPercentage and Number of individuals by race or colorN.

Of operationsFreed workers 1999 to 2015WhiteBlackBrownIndigenousYellowBrazil Av.0.7270.7390.63745%9%45%0.0001%0.60MA0.6390.617PA0.6460.642523BA0.6600.66105AC0.6630.672724196PE0.6730.676AM0.6740.67780829439CE0.6820.655RO0.6900.7151349896TO0.6990.69071202938MT0.7250.7333MS0.7290.7478MG0.7310.734558GO0.7350.7490RS0.7460.762PR0.7490.75123RJ0.7610.78143SC0.7740.77SP0.7830.785831529PI0,6460,6380543AL0,6310,64928799Source: Authors, elaborated using ) andWhen data on the place of origin and residential status of the enslaved workers is observed, this configuration is confirmed. Shows, from left to right, the municipalities where workers were rescued and their origin and residence. Source: Digital Observatory of Slave Labor in Brazil - Smartlab of Decent Work.Figure 1 Intensity of colors and measures showing location (municipality) of rescue, origin and residence of enslaved workersThe heat map in dynamically represents, in color, the levels of intensity of the occurrence of slavery-like work in Brazil (DIGITAL OBSERVATORY, 2017). The variation between cold and warm colors shows where there is a concentration of rescued workers their origin and their declared residence. From left to right, shows the highest concentration of rescued workers in the Northern region, followed by the Northeastern and Center Midwestern regions. Free online occult library of books. A lower volume is evident in the South and Southeast compared to the North and Center West.

In terms of origin, warm colors are more prevalent in many of the regions with lower intensity in the South, Southeast and Center West. As for residences declared by the workers rescued by GEFM/MTE, warm colors occur more in the Northern region, followed by the Northeast, Center West, Southeast and South.

Since the activity with the highest incidence of slave labor is cattle farming and agriculture, it seems that the region on the fringe of Amazonia is a fertile area for luring workers into slave labor and for the re-occurrence of the practice. Vulnerability is characterized by the gap between the availability of material resources and the person’s access to the structure of social opportunities (; ).

Trabalho Escravo Contemporaneo Pdf En

This difference can result in disadvantages both for the worker’s performance and for the risk of his or her social mobility ( ).In the case of modern slavery, it can be observed that social (im)mobility is a direct result of the social conditions of vulnerability to which the potential victims are subjected and, consequently, could also be a predictor of re-occurrence in the dynamic of the game of slavery. The panorama of vulnerability is shown in, based on three graphs produced from data taken from the Atlas of the Human Development ( ). The first graph illustrates the MHDI General, the second shows the differences in life expectancy and the third indicates the Gini index for each state. DISCUSSION OF THE THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONSThe qualitative results of the research, combined with the panorama presented and explored in more depth in the previous section, led us to construct five central propositions that are discussed here with the additional support of four real cases collected from the databases of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) in 2016. These propositions are founded on the theoretical categories proposed in the study and presented in summarized fashion in the table below. FINAL CONSIDERATIONSThe aim of this article has been to identify the associations between the social conditions of vulnerability and the racial profile of contemporary slavery. Based on the results obtained in the research, the proposal of this study was to incorporate the race and color variable into the theoretical model conceptualized by; ), ) and; ) for its application in Brazil, proposing secondary data and primary sociodemographic and vulnerability indictors as predictors of modern slavery in the Brazilian context.The sociodemographic data is redefined as sociocultural data when it becomes a component of social vulnerability.

The declaration of race/color and gender are considered sociocultural elements of vulnerability due to their historical construction. In this sense, race/color and gender may be strong conditions for the cyclical and permanent reproduction of modern slavery due to the social representation that they possess in the context. The explanatory model of contemporary slavery could be made more robust with the incorporation of these elements as components of sociocultural vulnerability.According to the data presented, modern slavery in Brazil has a color. A clear relation exists between the black and brown population and slavery practices. Triangulation of the data from the 2010 IBGE Census with the data on enslaved workers released in Brazil by the MPT and MTE indicate an increase in black or brown individuals rescued in production chains in Brazil.

Brown workers represent a higher percentage of people rescued from slave-like labor in comparison to black workers. Compared with the last Census in 2010, there was an increase in individuals declaring themselves black and brown. Hypothetically, this increase may be associated with higher birth rates among black and brown people, or greater individual self-recognition.It seems that race/color can be a predictor variable for the probability of slavery occurring in Brazil, due to a historically constructed and socially reproduced context. The race/color variable cannot be considered a determining factor for the existence of modern slavery, but without doubt it is a strong condition.

The number of black and brown workers rescued in diverse regions of Brazil indicates a preponderance of the black population among those subjected to the condition of slaves. Despite presenting strong indications in this direction, future quantitative research and rigorous statistical tests are necessary for the race, poverty, MHDI, vulnerability and education variables in order to better understand, for example, the moderating effect of these conditions and the persistence of slave labor.In terms of the empirical results, other implications and important findings were systemized. Firstly, it was possible to observe that contemporary slave labor coexists with the economically representative productive chains in Brazil and, indeed, with the signatory companies of InPACTO.

The coexistence is consolidated in a relatively invisible organization run by ‘gatos’ or contractors who, in some cases, are themselves ‘former slaves.’ This difficult to perceive organization emerges in the rural environment of agribusiness and in the urban environment, particularly in civil construction and the textile industry (;; ). These institutional arrangements are made possible by a context that in some form enables this articulation. For example, the research revealed that routines are developed and functions are delimited through actors and their interlinked structures, in which each actor occupies a consolidated position, combining interests, resources and strategies to maintain the structure ( habitus) and the game. Besides the direct actors (‘gato,’ farm owner, cook, hotel owner, workers), the indirect actors also sustain this dynamic. The relation of dependency between workers and slave organizations completes the picture, given that it is strongly influenced by hidden mechanisms related to extreme violence and murders involving bosses, ‘gatos,’ workers and other suppliers, taking advantage of the sociocultural and economic-political conditions of structural inertia (, ).From the survey, it can also be observed that a significant lacuna exists in the Brazilian legal framework, derived from a definition of the concept that does not expressly recognize forced or compulsory labor as modern slave labor. The existence of this lacuna in an environment with a high possibility of co.